27/07/2024

Suspension of sales of sibutramine products

HSA Suspends Sales of Sibutramine Products with Immediate Effect

The Health Sciences Authority (HSA) is suspending the sales of sibutramine products in Singapore with effect from 11 Oct 2010, after consulting its Pharmacovigilance Advisory Committee (PVAC) and a panel of external experts in metabolic diseases and cardiology. This decision was made following a benefit-risk assessment of sibutramine, which concluded that the increased cardiovascular risk of sibutramine outweighed the modest weight loss seen in patients. The deliberations have taken into consideration the findings from the Sibutramine Cardiovascular Outcomes (SCOUT) study, the use of the product locally, and developments in other international jurisdictions.

Sibutramine is licensed for use in Singapore since 2001 as an adjunctive therapy to diet and exercise for obesity and for overweight patients with obesity-related risk factors such as Type 2 diabetes or disorders in lipid metabolism. It is marketed under four different brands in Singapore - Reductil®, Ectiva®, Reduxade® (all by Abbott) and Slenfig® (Apotheca Marketing).

The SCOUT study was a large study designed to evaluate the cardiovascular (CV) safety after the long-term use of sibutramine in patients who had a history of CV disease and/or type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) with at least one CV-related risk factor such as high blood pressure and high lipid levels. Approximately 10,000 patients who were overweight and obese, aged 55 years and older were recruited in the study and treated up to six years. This study has shown a moderate increased risk of serious CV events associated with sibutramine use in patients with pre-existing CV disease.


Banned weight loss substance that increases heart attack, stroke risk found in coffee sachets
V-SHOU Premium Coffee has been found to contain sibutramine

A prescription-only weight loss medicine that has been banned in Singapore since 2010 has been detected in a coffee product sold on various local e-commerce platforms, the Singapore Food Agency (SFA) said on Wednesday (Jul 24). 

Consumers are advised not to purchase or consume V-SHOU Premium Coffee as it contains sibutramine, a substance that is known to increase the risk of heart attack and stroke. Other serious health consequences reported with sibutramine's use include heart problems, central nervous system disorders such as psychosis and hallucinations, and seizures.

Marketed as a weight-loss product, V-SHOU Premium Coffee made several claims, such as accelerated fat burning, enhanced metabolism, quicker slimming results, as well as soothing the digestive system and controlling appetite. White kidney bean extract and hoodia gordonii, which has been touted as an appetite suppressant, are among its listed ingredients. The product's packaging does not state where it was formulated and its country of origin is unknown.


Banned weight loss substance that increases risk of heart attack, stroke found in coffee premix
ChoCo Premix Coffee has been found to contain sibutramine

Sibutramine, a weight loss substance banned in Singapore, has been detected in a food product sold on various local e-commerce platforms, the Singapore Food Agency (SFA) said on Monday (Jul 15).

Consumers are advised not to purchase or consume ChoCo Premix Coffee, which lists chocolate and hoodia gordonii extract among its ingredients. Hoodia gordonii has been touted as an appetite suppressant. Marketed as a weight loss product, ChoCo Premix Coffee made several claims, including weight loss, avoidance of muscle loss, acceleration of fat burning, fat removal, reduction in hunger, improvements in constipation, repair muscle and increase muscle mass. While the product's packaging says it is "formulated in USA", its country of origin is unknown and not listed.

"SFA has worked with various online e-commerce platforms to remove the listings of the product and issued warnings to the respective sellers to stop selling the product with immediate effect," said the agency. Sibutramine is a prescription-only weight loss medicine that has been banned in Singapore since 2010, due to an increased risk of heart attack and stroke. Other serious health consequences reported with its use include central nervous system disorders, such as psychosis and hallucinations, and heart problems. Seizures have also been reported with sibutramine.


HSA issues warning for 3 products containing banned weight loss medicine, steroids
The Health Sciences Authority has warned members of the public not to purchase or consume "‘LORENXO DELICIOUS PURE CHOCOLATE SUPPLEMENT" and "MOFA COFFEE".

Members of the public have been warned by the Health Sciences Authority (HSA) against buying several products that were found to contain "potent medicinal ingredients".

The products contain substances including erectile dysfunction medicine tadalafil, steroids and sibutramine, a substance banned in Singapore because of an increased risk of heart attacks and strokes. The affected products are: "LORENXO DELICIOUS PURE CHOCOLATE SUPPLEMENT", "DND Rx9" and "MOFA COFFEE". Two consumers developed adverse effects after taking the products, HSA said in a media release.

"LORENXO DELICIOUS PURE CHOCOLATE SUPPLEMENT" and "MOFA COFFEE" were sold on local online e-commerce and social media platforms including Carousell, Qoo10, Shopee and Facebook, said HSA. The authority added that it has worked with the platform adminstrators to remove the affected listings. It has also alerted its Malaysian counterpart to "DND Rx9" and "MOFA COFFEE", which were purchased or sourced from Malaysia.


HSA warns against two 'slimming products' after consumers suffer adverse effects
The Health Sciences Authority has warned the public not to purchase or consume ENRU PLUS+ and HKT HERBA KURUS TRADISI

The Health Sciences Authority (HSA) has warned members of the public against buying four products that were found to contain “potent medicinal ingredients”. These ingredients included sibutramine, a weight loss substance banned in Singapore, as well as erectile dysfunction medicine tadalafil and steroids.

The affected products are ENRU PLUS+, HKT HERBA KURUS TRADISI, PILL HUA LUO CIN TAN and Spinach GINSENG HERB SUGAR. ENRU PLUS+ and HKT HERBA KURUS TRADISI were marketed online as slimming products and carried labels claiming that they contained natural ingredients. They caused adverse effects such as breathlessness and heart palpitations in three women, said HSA.

All four products were sold on local e-commerce platforms such as Shopee, Lazada, Carousell and Qoo10 by sellers based in Singapore and Malaysia. ENRU PLUS+ was also marketed on Facebook. HSA said it has worked with platform administrators to remove the affected listings and issued warnings to the respective sellers. It also alerted its Malaysian counterpart about these four products, which were sold in Malaysia or by Malaysia-based sellers.


3 people suffer adverse effects after taking slimming products containing banned substance
Magic Mocha, Thao Moc Ho Tro Giam Beo Cenly and Cynthia Beauty EazyS Instant Coffee Powder

Three people suffered adverse effects such as palpitations and nausea after taking slimming products that contained the banned substance sibutramine, the Health Sciences Authority (HSA) said on Wednesday (Nov 10).

The products are Magic Mocha, Thao Moc Ho Tro Giam Beo Cenly and Cynthia Beauty EazyS Instant Coffee Powder. They were sold on e-commerce sites like Carousell, Lazada, Shopee and Qoo10 and social media platforms like Facebook and Instagram. "They were marketed with misleading claims which included 'fast-acting', 'fat-burning', 'reduce fat storage' and 'accelerate the breakdown of stubborn fat'," said HSA.

The authority said it has issued warnings to the sellers and platform administrators have since removed the affected listings. HSA said it received three reports from consumers who experienced palpitations, nausea, extreme thirst, migraine or dizziness after taking the products. An analysis of the slimming products showed that they contained sibutramine (banned since 2010), which can cause serious adverse effects.


Four Products Found to Contain Banned Substance Sibutramine; One Consumer Had Adverse Effects

The Health Sciences Authority (HSA) is alerting members of the public not to purchase or consume four products marketed online as weight loss products. Contrary to the ingredients listed on the packaging, HSA’s analysis of these products revealed that they contained the banned substance, sibutramine, which can cause serious adverse effects in consumers.

The four products are:
  • ‘Flash Slim’
  • ‘Leedee Botanical Beverage Mix Pineapple Juice Powder with African Mango’
  • ‘Quinn S Amyera’
  • ‘Schocolite Double Chocolate Cookies Drink with Hoodia Gordinii Extract and L-Carnitine’

The products were sold on local e-commerce and social media platforms. HSA has worked with the platform administrators to promptly remove the affected listings and issued warnings to the respective sellers.


Sibutramine

Sibutramine was withdrawn from the U.S. market in October 2010. Sibutramine affects chemicals in the brain that affect weight maintenance. Sibutramine is used together with diet and exercise to treat obesity that may be related to diabetes, high cholesterol, or high blood pressure. Sibutramine may also be used for other purposes not listed in this medication guide.

Do not use sibutramine if you have taken an MAO inhibitor such as furazolidone (Furoxone), isocarboxazid (Marplan), phenelzine (Nardil), rasagiline (Azilect), selegiline (Eldepryl, Emsam), or tranylcypromine (Parnate) in the last 14 days. Serious, life threatening side effects can occur if you use sibutramine before the MAO inhibitor has cleared from your body. You should not take sibutramine if you are allergic to it, or if you have severe or uncontrolled high blood pressure, an eating disorder (anorexia or bulimia), if you are taking stimulant diet pills, or if you have a history of coronary artery disease, stroke, or heart disease.

Before taking sibutramine, tell your doctor if you have glaucoma, high blood pressure, liver or kidney disease, depression, underactive thyroid, seizures, a bleeding disorder, a history of gallstones, or if you are older than 65 or younger than 16. Tell your doctor about all prescription and over-the-counter medications you use, especially antidepressants, cold or allergy medication, narcotic pain medicine, or migraine headache medicines. Tell your doctor if you do not lose at least 4 pounds after taking the medication for 4 weeks along with a low calorie diet.


Sibutramine

Sibutramine is a norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine reuptake inhibitor indicated to assist with weight loss in obesity.

Sibutramine (trade name Meridia in the USA, Reductil in Europe and other countries), usually as sibutramide hydrochloride monohydrate, is an orally administered agent for the treatment of obesity. It is a centrally acting stimulant chemically related to amphetamines thus it is classified as a Schedule IV controlled substance in the United States.

In October 2010, Sibutramine was withdrawn from Canadian and U.S. markets due to concerns that the drug increases the risk of heart attack and stroke in patients with a history of heart disease.


Sibutramine

Sibutramine, formerly sold under the brand name Meridia among others, is an appetite suppressant which has been discontinued in many countries. It works as a serotonin–norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor similar to a tricyclic antidepressant. Until 2010, it was widely marketed and prescribed as an adjunct in the treatment of obesity along with diet and exercise.

It has been associated with increased cardiovascular diseases and strokes and has been withdrawn from the market in 2010 in several countries and regions including Australia, Canada, China, the European Union, Singapore, Hong Kong, India, Mexico, New Zealand, the Philippines, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and the United States. However, the drug remains available in some countries. Sibutramine was originally developed in 1988 by Boots in Nottingham, UK and manufactured and marketed by Abbott Laboratories and sold under a variety of brand names including Reductil, Meridia, Siredia, and Sibutrex before its withdrawal 2010 from most markets. It was classified as a Schedule IV controlled substance in the United States.

As of 2018, the FDA still found sibutramine in over 700 diet supplements marketed as "natural", "traditional" or "herbal remedies". Sibutramine has been used to produce appetite suppression for the purpose of attaining weight loss in the treatment of patients with obesity.

26/07/2024

Olympic Games Paris 2024

Opening Ceremony of the Centenary Olympics Games in Paris on 26 Jul 2024

The 2024 Summer Olympics (Jeux olympiques d'été de 2024), officially the Games of the XXXIII Olympiad (Jeux de la XXXIIIe Olympiade) and officially branded as Paris 2024, is an ongoing international multi-sport event taking place from 24 July to 11 August 2024 in France, with the Opening Ceremony taking place on 26 July. Paris is the main host city, with events held at 16 other cities spread across Metropolitan France, plus one subsite in Tahiti, French Polynesia.


THE CENTENARY OF THE PARIS 1924 OLYMPIC GAMES

In 2024, Paris will become just the second city to host the Olympic Summer Games three times after London (which staged the 1908, 1948 and 2012 Olympic Games).

The City of Lights first hosted the Olympic Games in 1900, four years after the multi-sport event was resurrected in Athens after being banned by Roman Emperor Theodosius I some 1,500 years earlier. No opening or closing ceremonies were held at the 1900 Olympics, which featured female competitors for the first time in Olympic history, as well as other unique events including ballooning, underwater swimming and cricket. Paris hosted the Summer Olympics again in 1924, becoming the first city to host the Olympics twice. While the Opening Ceremony of the 1924 Olympics was held on 5 July, some competitions began on 4 May, with the Closing Ceremony held on 27 July.

100 years later, on 26 July 2024, Paris will officially welcome the world to the Olympic Games for a third time, while these Olympics will be the sixth held in France (in addition to the three Summer Olympics mentioned above, France has also staged the Winter Olympics on three occasions: Chamonix 1924, Grenoble 1968 and Albertville ‘92).


Paris Olympics 2024 - Things to know
"Olympic Flame" Paris Olympics 2024

Here are some interesting details about the mega event:
  • The Paris Olympics 2024 will take place between 26th July and 11th August next year. The Paralympic Games will be held from 28th August to 8th September.
  • The Paris Olympics 2024 will be held in the city exactly a hundred years after it hosted the event in 1924.
  • The opening ceremony will not take place in the stadium for the very first time. It will be held on the River Seine.
  • The Olympics 2024 will have a total of 32 sports played, with a total of 329 medal events.
  • Aquatics has the highest number of medals with a total of 49 events throughout marathon swimming, swimming, water polo, artistic swimming, and diving. Athletics follows next with 48 events.
  • 10,500 athletes are expected to be in attendance for the event next year. The final competitor count will be confirmed after the Olympic Qualifier Series concludes.
  • The 2024 edition of the Olympics will have a new sport, namely breaking. This is a dance-based sport where there will be competitions for both men and women. 16 B-Boys and 16 B-Girls will go head-to-head in solo contests.
  • The Olympics 2024 will have 35 venues, with 14 sites to host 24 Olympics sports within only 10 kilometres of the Olympic Village.
  • Some events will take place at famous venues in Paris. For instance, beach volleyball will take place at the Champ de Mars beneath the Eiffel tower. Urban sports will take place at La Concorde and fencing and taekwondo competitions will be held at the Grand Palais. The Marathon will begin at the Hotel De Ville.
  • The Olympics will also cover other regions in France. The football tournament will cover Nantes, Bordeaux, Saint-Etienne, Lyon, Marseille, and Nice. Sailing will also take place in Marseille, while Lille will host some team sports competitions.
  • The Olympic Games will also take place in the French territory of Tahiti for the very first time. The surfing contest will be held on the famous Teahupoo wave of the island.
  • Sailing will have two new categories at the Paris Olympics 2024, namely IQFoil or windsurfing and Kite surf or formula kite.
  • A new event will be introduced in the canoe category which is called Extreme slalom. There will be four athletes tipping off the ramp simultaneously, with the winner being the one reaching the bottom of the course first. Men and women will have an event each in this category.
  • The Olympic Games will also witness three new mixed events. These include the waking mixed relay for 35 kilometres (athletics), Skeet mixed team event (shooting), and mixed Dinghy (sailing).
  • Sport climbing, which was introduced in 2021 at the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo, will have a change in its format. There will be two medal events for both men and women. One will be a combined bouldering and lead event and one will be a speed climbing competition.
  • Around 10 million tickets are expected to be available for sale for the next Olympics 2024. Prices are expected to start from 24 Euros while the lowest prices will be around15 Euros for the Paralympic sports.
  • The format of the Modern Pentathlon will also change, covering 90 minutes. It will start with riding, followed by fencing bonus rounds and swimming. The final round will be the laser run that combines running and shooting. Every sport will have 5-15-minute breaks in between.
  • The Olympic Games will have an IOC Refugee Team. The first such team participated in the 2016 edition of the event in Rio.
  • The Olympic Flame will arrive in the country after crossing the Mediterranean Sea. It will mark the celebrations from 8th May, 2024 onwards in Marseille. This will cover four months throughout France. The opening ceremony will start after the Olympic Torch relay ends.
  • There will be 762 sessions for the events, with 19 days of competitions. The first official day is 27th July, 2024, which will have the time trial for men and women, along with events for cycling, rugby, fencing, judo, diving, skateboarding, swimming, and shooting.
  • All finals for the athletics and swimming events will be held in the evenings from 19:00 and 20:30 (the last day will have a timing of 18:30) onwards respectively. The middle period of 3rd to 4th August will have medal events for judo, table tennis, fencing, archery, athletics, cycling, equestrian, golf, artistic gymnastics, rowing, swimming, and badminton. The last day, i.e. 11th August, will have the track cycling, weightlifting, and wrestling events for women. The women’s basketball final is also scheduled for the final day. The Closing Ceremony will take place thereafter.


THE OLYMPIC GAMES OF PARIS 2024

The Paris 2024 Olympic (16 Jul to 11 Aug 2024) and Paralympic Games (28 Aug to 8 Sep 2024) will be the biggest event ever organised in France. The Olympic Games will take place from 26 July to 11 August 2024, when Paris will become the centre of the world—the world of sport, and so much more. The Games are a popular, multicultural festival shared by so many people around the planet and represent a new adventure for France unlike anything it has experienced before.

OLYMPIC GAMES IN A FEW FIGURES:
  • Billions of television viewers worldwide
  • 350,000 hours of TV broadcast
  • Millions of spectators
  • 35 venues
  • 10,500 athletes
  • 20,000 accredited journalists
  • 45,000 volunteers
  • +600,000 meals served at the Athletes’ Village every day

PARIS 2024 OLYMPIC GAMES KEY FIGURES:
  • The XXXIII Olympiad
  • 26 July to 11 August 2024
  • 19 days of competition (handball, football and rugby take place from 24 July)
  • 329 events
  • Athletes from over 200 NOCs and the IOC Refugee Olympic Team
  • 32 sports (including the 4 additional sports)
  • 754 sessions (competitions and ceremonies)
10,500 athletes


2024 Summer Olympics
Emblem of the 2024 Summer Olympics Games from 26 Jul to 11 Aug 2024

The 2024 Summer Olympics (French: Jeux olympiques d'été de 2024), officially the Games of the XXXIII Olympiad (French: Jeux de la XXXIIIe Olympiade) and officially branded as Paris 2024, is an upcoming international multi-sport event scheduled to take place from 26 July (the date of the opening ceremony) to 11 August 2024 in France, with some competitions starting on 24 July. Paris is the main host city, with events held at 16 other cities spread across Metropolitan France, plus one subsite in Tahiti—an island within the French overseas country and overseas collectivity of French Polynesia.

Paris was awarded the Games at the 131st IOC Session in Lima, Peru, on 13 September 2017. After multiple withdrawals that left only Paris and Los Angeles in contention, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) approved a process to concurrently award the 2024 and 2028 Summer Olympics to the two remaining candidate cities; both of the bids were praised for high technical plans and innovative ways to use a record-breaking number of existing and temporary facilities. Having previously hosted in 1900 and 1924, Paris will become the second city ever to host the Summer Olympics three times (after London which hosted the 1908, 1948 and 2012 Games).

Paris 2024 will mark the centenary of Paris 1924 and Chamonix 1924 (which in turn marks the centenary of the Winter Olympics), will be the sixth Olympic Games hosted by France (three Summer Olympics and three Winter Olympics) and the first French Olympics since the 1992 Winter Games in Albertville. The Summer Games will return to the traditional four-year Olympiad cycle, after the 2020 Tokyo Olympics were postponed until 2021 because of the COVID-19 pandemic. Paris 2024 will feature the debut of breakdancing as an Olympic event and could be the final Olympic Games held during the IOC presidency of Thomas Bach. The 2024 Games are expected to cost €9 billion.


Singapore at the 2024 Summer Olympics
23 athletes will be representing Singapore at the Games from 26 Jul to 11 Aug 2024

Singapore is scheduled to compete at the 2024 Summer Olympics in Paris from 26 July to 11 August 2024. It will be the nation's eighteenth appearance at the Summer Olympics since its debut at the 1948 Games.

Singapore has competed in every edition since except 1964 in Tokyo, as part of Malaysia team, and 1980 in Moscow, because of its support for the United States boycott.

On 16 April, former Olympian and sailor Tan Wearn Haw have been selected as the Chef De Mission of the Singapore delegation in Paris. In all, 23 athletes will be representing Singapore at the Games with Shanti Pereira and Ryan Lo selected as the flag bearers.


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25/07/2024

Toe Pain & Treatment Options

Causes of Toe Pain and Treatment

Toe pain has several causes, from injuries to chronic health conditions and joint deformities. Most causes of toe pain are not serious and can be managed with conservative treatment.

However, pain can significantly affect your ability to bear weight through your toes which can limit your ability to comfortably stand and walk.

This article will discuss common causes of toe pain, how it is diagnosed, treatment options, and when to see a healthcare provider for toe pain:


What's Wrong With My Toe?

Toes are small, but they have a large job. They help you walk and run and keep your balance, too. So if your toe hurts, it can be a big deal. There are a lot of reasons you may have an aching toe. There's always the chance you stubbed it, of course, or banged it up while playing sports. But there are also problems like hammertoe or arthritis that could be to blame. Watch out for some telltale symptoms and check with your doctor to figure out the cause.

Hammertoe, Mallet Toe, and Claw Toe - If one or more of your toes are crooked or curled under, you may have hammer, mallet, or claw toe. Your foot has a strange shape because the muscles, tendons, or ligaments that surround your toe aren't balanced. This causes the toes to bend in an odd position. Your toe may hurt. It's also common to develop a corn or callus because the joint rubs the inside of your shoe.

Each condition has its own distinctive look:
  • Hammertoe. The middle joint of your toe bends downwards. This causes your toe to rise up instead of lying flat. It usually occurs in your second, third, and fourth toes.
  • Mallet toe. Your toe bends down at the joint closest to the nail. Like hammertoe, it often happens in your second, third, and fourth toes.
  • Claw toe. Like the name suggests, your toes make a claw shape. The joint at the base of the toe bends up, while the two other joints bend down. This causes your toe to curl and dig into the soles of your shoes.


My Aching Feet: Symptoms of Arthritis in Toes

Arthritis commonly attacks joints in the hands, knees, and hips, but it can also occur in the toes. Depending on the cause and symptoms of your toe arthritis, several kinds of treatment can help you.

Different types of arthritis can cause toe pain. Sometimes the cartilage wears away between the bones. Without the protective cartilage, bones rub together.

This inflames the tissue and causes pain and swelling. If you’re experiencing toe pain, read on to find out if arthritis may be the cause.


Toe pain

There are lots of causes of toe pain. You can usually ease the pain yourself. But see a GP if the pain does not improve. How to ease toe pain yourself. If you see a GP about toe pain, they'll usually suggest trying these things:

Do:
  • rest and raise your foot when you can
  • put an ice pack (or bag of frozen peas) wrapped in a towel on your toe for up to 20 minutes every 2 to 3 hours
  • wear wide comfortable shoes with a low heel and soft sole
  • use painkillers such as paracetamol or ibuprofen gel (or ibuprofen tablets if needed)
  • buddy strap a broken toe – put a small piece of cotton wool or gauze between your sore toe and the next toe, and use tape to loosely strap it up (do not do this for a big toe or a badly broken toe)
  • try regular gentle stretching exercises
Don't:
  • do not walk or stand for long periods
  • do not wear high heels or tight pointy shoes


24/07/2024

Fasting: Science-Based Benefits


Fasting is the practice of abstaining from food and drink for a particular period of time. People fast as part of their culture, religion or simply for their health.  Studies show that there are actually a good deal of benefits to be reaped from a specific type of fasting called- intermittent fasting (IF). Here’s a list that may convince you to make IF part of your lifestyle:
  • It May Increase Your Lifespan - Fasting has an effect on how the cells in our body rejuvenates themselves, out with the old, in with the new, via autophagy. That way your cells will perform optimally, and even renew themselves!  It may even make you look younger and healthier.
  • Increase Stress Resistance - Stress and anxiety make us age faster and have other negative effects on our health, but fasting can help us become more durable against it. Fasting enhances our body’s molecules’ ability to source out energy through various channels, apart from just relying on the nutrients provided by food. It may also assist in scavenging free radicals, otherwise described as molecules that are unstable and can cause physical stress.
  • Improve Mental Clarity - It’s a fact that eating certain types of food may affect our body negatively, pushing it to work harder, and even giving us brain fog; However, fasting can help us achieve a clear state of mind. It makes us concentrate better, thus becoming more efficient. The result is similar to when you  finish a good workout at the gym. So, you may consider fasting to enhancing your mental prowess.
  • May Help Prevent Cancer - Fasting might not totally, nor directly prevent a person from getting cancer, but it may be a result of its overall effect on the body. First of all, it relieves our body of unneeded toxins that can become harmful in the long run. It rids our systems of free radicals, and it could help in the prevention of tumors and swellings. It certainly eliminates the chances of people developing certain cancer types.
  • Improves the Immune System - Fasting also has immune boosting benefits as well, which means that as seasons change our bodies are able to readily adapt and we’ll get sick less, or perhaps not at all. We become less vulnerable to colds, flues, and other viruses. Fasting helps the body renew itself, and it revitalizes our cells.
  • Raises HGH Levels - Human Growth Hormones, or HGH, promotes growth both in children and adults. It helps in packing up those muscles and maintaining them, especially if you’re an athlete and tend to workout hard. It promotes bone development and overall body performance. With fasting raising HGH levels, you’re likely to burn fat faster too.
  • Boost Metabolism and Promote Weight Loss - Achieving a desired weight is difficult. It will take time to properly lose weight, and apart from exercising regularly, it is important to complement your effort with strategic fasting and following a well balanced diet. Studies have shown that fasting promotes higher levels of norepinephrine. It is a neurotransmitter that could trigger higher metabolic rates, therefore, bumping up fat burning. While fasting is a healthy practice that makes you lose weight and generally keeps you healthy, it is vital to be prudent about it.

23/07/2024

Animals That Mate for Life

When it comes to fidelity, lovebirds could write the book. (Photo: Getty Images)

When it comes to bonding for life, we humans may think we have it all figured out, but it turns out our animal friends might be able to teach us a thing or two about fidelity.

True monogamy is rare in the animal kingdom, but it does exist among certain species. It's unclear whether or not these animals feel "love" for their partners in the same way that humans do, but it is clear that for many species, forming a lifetime pair bond is as much about survival of the species as it is about having someone to help build your nest and keep your feathers clean.

No matter the reason for their monogamy, we humans can learn a lot from the dedication shown by several animal species to their mates. Scroll through this list to meet eight of the wonderful animal pairs that mate for life:
  • Swans - Symbols of True Love
  • Wolves - Loyal for Life
  • Albatross - Always Faithful
  • Gibbons - Maybe Faithful, Maybe Not
  • French Angelfish - Love Under the Sea
  • Turtle Doves - Always in Twos
  • Prairie Voles - Romantic Rodents
  • Termites - A Family Affair

22/07/2024

Dengue cases so far in 2024

Over 10,000 dengue cases so far this year, more than total for 2023
As of Jul 22, the total number of reported dengue cases stood at 10,141 for 2024

More than 10,000 cases of dengue have been reported so far this year, exceeding the total number recorded in the whole of 2023.

The threshold was crossed in the week of Jul 14 to Jul 20, when 236 cases were reported, according to records kept by the National Environment Agency (NEA). As of Tuesday (Jul 22), the total number of reported dengue cases stood at 10,141 for 2024.

The annual figure for 2023 was 9,949, a sharp drop from the 32,173 cases in 2022. NEA had already warned in March this year of an increase in dengue infections, with over 5,000 cases reported in the first quarter of 2024 compared to the same period in 2023. It added that there are nine isolated Zika cases reported so far in 2024, with no clusters to date. Similar to dengue, Zika is a virus infection that is spread by the Aedes mosquito.



Over 10,000 dengue cases so far in 2024, exceeding total number of infections in 2023
Singapore’s dengue case tally in 2023 stood at 9,949, which was far lower than the 32,173 cases recorded in 2022

Dengue case numbers in 2024 have crossed the 10,000 mark, surpassing the number of cases logged for the whole of 2023. According to latest figures by the National Environment Agency (NEA), there were 267 dengue cases between July 14 and July 22, and that took the total number of local infections this year to 10,141.

The dengue case tally in 2023 stood at 9,949, which was far lower than the 32,173 cases recorded in 2022. In March, NEA warned of a surge in dengue infections after numbers shot up ahead of the traditional peak dengue season from May to October. NEA at the time said the number could go up in the coming months, given the high Aedes aegypti mosquito population here and the low population immunity to dengue.

As at July 22, Singapore has recorded 70 active dengue clusters. They include 10 red-alert clusters, which are high-risk areas with 10 or more cases. The largest active cluster stands at 410 cases in a housing estate in Bukit Panjang, off Cashew Road. It is followed by a cluster in Jurong West with 103 cases and another cluster in the Pioneer area, near Benoi Road, with 47 cases.



Dengue Cases

237 dengue cases were reported in the week ending 20 July 2024, 54 cases fewer than in the previous week. The weekly number of reported dengue cases remains consistently high. It is important to note that the day-to-day numbers fluctuate, as they depend on the number of cases notified each day. Therefore, weekly numbers are a better reflection of actual trends.

70 active dengue clusters, of which 10 were with red colour alert (i.e. cluster with 10 or more cases), were reported as of 22 July 2024. Fast rate of dengue transmission has been observed at the 103-case cluster at Jurong West Avenue 1/Street 42. Persistent dengue transmission is noted at the 410-case Gangsa Road cluster and 47-case Benoi Road cluster. The 52-case Hindhede Walk cluster has closed on 19 July 2024, while the 103-case Jurong Lake Link/Jurong West Street 41 cluster and 66-case Jurong East Avenue 1/Street 31 cluster have closed on 22 July 2024.

There are four Dengue virus serotypes circulating in Singapore. Dengue virus serotype 2 (DENV-2) has been predominant since September 2023, with prior periodic dominance of DENV-1 and DENV-3 in 2023. Our population’s immunity to all four Dengue virus serotypes remains low. The continued presence of all these dengue risk factors may lead to a surge in dengue cases in the coming months, if insufficient action is taken. There are currently no Zika clusters. Nine isolated Zika cases have been reported in 2024 to date.


How Mosquitoes Work
Mosquitoes have been around for over 30 million years

Let's say it's summertime. You're out in your backyard enjoying the sun and grilling your dinner. Ouch! You look down at your arm and see a painful, swelling mosquito bite. Moments later, you feel another one bite you. What are these pesky insects? Why do they bite? Do they carry diseases? What can you do to protect yourself?

In this article, we'll take a close-up look at mosquitoes -- how they breed, how they bite, what diseases they carry and what you can do to control them. Up close, mosquitoes are insects that have been around for more than 30 million years. And it seems that, during those millions of years, mosquitoes have been honing their skills so that they are now experts at finding people to bite. Mosquitoes have a battery of sensors designed to track their prey, including:
  • Chemical sensors - mosquitoes can sense carbon dioxide and lactic acid up to 100 feet (36 meters) away. Mammals and birds gives off these gases as part of their normal breathing. Certain chemicals in sweat also seem to attract mosquitoes (people who don't sweat much don't get nearly as many mosquito bites).
  • Visual sensors - if you are wearing clothing that contrasts with the background, and especially if you move while wearing that clothing, mosquitoes can see you and zero in on you. It's a good bet that anything moving is "alive", and therefore full of blood, so this is a good strategy.
  • Heat sensors - Mosquitoes can detect heat, so they can find warm-blooded mammals and birds very easily once they get close enough.

Something with this many sensors sounds more like a military aircraft than an insect. That's why mosquitoes are so good at finding and biting you. As we'll see later, one of the only ways to stop mosquitoes from finding you is to confuse their chemical receptors with something like DEET. Like all insects, adult mosquitoes have three basic body parts:
  • Head - This is where all the sensors are, along with the biting apparatus. The head has two compound eyes, antennae to sense chemicals and the mouth parts called the palpus and the proboscis (only females h­ave the proboscis, for biting).
  • Thorax - This segment is where the two wings and six legs attach. It contains the flight muscles, compound heart, some nerve cell ganglia and ­trachioles.
  • Abdomen - This segment contains the digestive and excretory organs.
  • So you have a sensor package, a motor package and a fuel processing package -- a perfect design!


Mosquito

Mosquitoes, the Culicidae, are a family of small flies consisting of 3,600 species. The word mosquito (formed by mosca and diminutive -ito) is Spanish and Portuguese for little fly. Mosquitoes have a slender segmented body, one pair of wings, three pairs of long hair-like legs, and specialized, highly elongated, piercing-sucking mouthparts. All mosquitoes drink nectar from flowers; females of some species have in addition adapted to drink blood. Evolutionary biologists view mosquitoes as micropredators, small animals that parasitise larger ones by drinking their blood without immediately killing them. Medical parasitologists view mosquitoes instead as vectors of disease, carrying protozoan parasites or bacterial or viral pathogens from one host to another.

The mosquito life cycle consists of four stages: egg, larva, pupa, and adult. Eggs are laid on the water surface; they hatch into motile larvae that feed on aquatic algae and organic material. These larvae are important food sources for many freshwater animals, such as dragonfly nymphs, many fish, and some birds. Adult females of many species have mouthparts adapted to pierce the skin of a host and feed on blood of a wide range of vertebrate hosts, and some invertebrates, primarily other arthropods. Some species only produce eggs after a blood meal.

The mosquito's saliva is transferred to the host during the bite and can cause an itchy rash. In addition, blood-feeding species can ingest pathogens while biting, and transmit them to other hosts. Those species include vectors of parasitic diseases such as malaria and filariasis, and arboviral diseases such as yellow fever and dengue fever. By transmitting diseases, mosquitoes cause the deaths of over 725,000 people each year.


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21/07/2024

9 Words Will Make You Fluent In Internet Slang


Languages, just like all other things human developments, evolve and grow over time. The advent of the internet has allowed many languages to enjoy a plethora of new words and expression. While these words usually start off as a bit cutting edge, only belonging to obscure internet communities, they eventually seep into the mainstream and sometimes even into official dictionaries! While some of the terms may elicit a chuckle from older generations, some of them would still pass it off as something to chuckle at. That being said, here is a list of internet slang to give you a boost on world wide web knowledge:
  • Hashtag
  • AMA (Ask Me Anything)
  • Bump
  • Noob
  • Lurker
  • Meme
  • Facepalm
  • Epic
  • Troll

20/07/2024

New Insights Into Knee Pain

Knee Pain

Symptomatic knee pain is common and increases with age. In Singapore, symptomatic knee pain is common and increases with age, especially from age 40 and above. It may also be more common in Indians, followed by Malays and Chinese1. This is a knee joint with possible structures that can cause pain around the knee.

As knee pain is a symptom and not a medical diagnosis, these are other symptoms that you may feel with your knee pain:
  • Joint pain or aches around the knee
  • Short period of stiffness in the morning
  • Mild swelling around the knee
  • Painful clicking of the knee joint
  • Pain with activities (e.g. squatting, climbing stairs) which relieves with rest
  • Reduce knee joint movement 
Common risk factors:
  • Overweight
  • Poor sleep, low mood, anxiety
  • Overloading with activities 
  • Older age (>40 years old)
  • Previous knee injury (e.g. ligament injury, fracture)
  • Muscle weakness (e.g. hip, knee)


What to Know About Joint Pain in the Knee

When there are problems that affect joints, or the areas where bones meet together, you may experience pain along with other symptoms like swelling and stiffness. The knee is the largest and strongest joint in your body. Here’s what to know about the potential causes of joint pain in the knee, as well as the symptoms and treatment options.

The common causes of knee joint pain may include the following:
  • Arthritis - Arthritis refers to joint pain, stiffness, and inflammation.
  • Bursitis - Bursitis is a type of inflammation of a bursa, which is a small sac that cushions your bones, tendons, and muscles. It can cause pain, swelling, and redness along the infected joint.
  • Gout - Gout is a common type of inflammatory arthritis that most often starts in your lower limbs, particularly the big toe. It’s caused by a buildup of uric acid in the body, which may then lead to the development of crystals within the affected joints.
  • Chondromalacia of the patella - Chondromalacia is specific to the kneecaps and is caused by a breakdown of cartilage.
  • Tendinitis - Tendinitis is a type of overuse injury that results in inflammation of the tendons, which connect between your muscles and bones.
  • Joint infection - Also known as septic arthritis or infectious arthritis, a joint infection may develop if a bacterial, viral, or fungal infection spreads to your joints.
  • Osteoporosis - Mostly affecting people born female over the age of 50Trusted Source, osteoporosis is an age-related bone disease that can lead to weakness and fractures.
  • Fibromyalgia - Fibromyalgia is known for causing widespread pain and extreme fatigue.
  • Injury - Injuries from falls and direct blows to the knee may also cause joint pain.
The symptoms of knee joint pain may vary based on the underlying cause, but can include:
  • pain that gradually develops over time
  • pain that’s worse in the morning or after rest
  • pain that may radiate beyond the knee area
  • tenderness
  • redness
  • flare-ups after vigorous activities
  • weakness, swelling, and stiffness in the knee that may limit range of motion
  • “creaking” sounds in the knee


Knee Pain

Knee pain is a common complaint that affects people of all ages. Knee pain may be the result of an injury, such as a ruptured ligament or torn cartilage. Medical conditions — including arthritis, gout and infections — also can cause knee pain.

Many types of minor knee pain respond well to self-care measures. Physical therapy and knee braces also can help relieve pain. In some cases, however, your knee may require surgical repair.

The location and severity of knee pain may vary, depending on the cause of the problem. Signs and symptoms that sometimes accompany knee pain include:
  • Swelling and stiffness
  • Redness and warmth to the touch
  • Weakness or instability
  • Popping or crunching noises
  • Inability to fully straighten the knee


Knee Pain

Knee pain is an extremely common symptom that can result from everything from a temporary injury to a chronic condition like arthritis. You can usually treat knee pain at home with rest and over-the-counter medicine. Visit a healthcare provider if you’ve experienced an injury or have knee pain for more than a few days in a row.

What is knee pain? Knee pain is pain or discomfort you feel in or around your knee joint. Joints are places in your body where two bones meet. Your knee joint connects your thigh to your lower leg. It’s where your thigh bone (femur) meets your shin bone (tibia). The knee is the biggest joint in your body, and it absorbs and supports a lot of your weight as you move. That’s why it’s one of the most commonly injured joints. Knee pain can be a temporary, short-term problem, but it can also be a chronic (long-term) issue that needs diagnosis and treatment by a healthcare provider.

Where you feel knee pain usually depends on which part or parts of your joint are damaged. You might feel pain:
  • Close to the surface above or behind your knee (usually an issue with your muscles, tendons or ligaments).
  • Deeper inside your knee (pain that comes from your bones or cartilage).
  • In multiple parts of your knee or leg. Knee pain can sometimes spread (radiate) to other areas. You may feel pain on one side that sometimes feels like it’s coming from the back of your knee. Pain can also radiate to areas around your knee, like your lower leg or thigh.


Knee pain

Knee pain is pain in or around the knee. The knee joint consists of an articulation between four bones: the femur, tibia, fibula and patella. There are four compartments to the knee. These are the medial and lateral tibiofemoral compartments, the patellofemoral compartment and the superior tibiofibular joint. 

The components of each of these compartments can experience repetitive strain, injury or disease. Running long distance can cause pain to the knee joint, as it is a high-impact exercise. The location and severity of knee pain may vary, depending on the cause of the problem.

Signs and symptoms that sometimes accompany knee pain include:
  • Swelling and stiffness
  • Redness and warmth to the touch
  • Weakness or instability
  • Popping or crunching noises
  • Inability to fully straighten the knee