28/09/2024

Devil's Curry aka Kari Debal

What is Devil’s curry, and why is it so evil?

Devil’s curry is the name given to traditional dishes from Malacca’s Portuguese community. It is another name given to the Debal curry, which is usually served during Christmas. The word Debal means leftovers in the local Kristang language, as the dish is made from holiday leftovers in the past.

Nowadays, foods are more accessible, which means we are using fresh chicken, sausages and other vegetables to prepare. The curry is supposed to be very spicy (which I toned down the heat in my recipe), and the color looks fiercely hot and spicy, which is why it is fondly called Devil’s curry.

The star of the curry is the sauce which is made with a multitude of spices. The heat from the chili-fueled spiciness will linger on but will not numb your tongue as the Szechuan-style ‘mala” effect.


Curry Devil (Kari Debal), a Festive Kristang Recipe
Curry Devil or Kari Debal as it’s also known, is a fiery curry that has its origin in Malacca with its Portuguese roots, all the way back to the 16th century

Curry Devil or Devil Curry if you like (but NEVER Devil’s Curry!), is a tangy and spicy Eurasian curry that was traditionally made on Boxing Day using leftover Christmas roast, whatever the meat.

So this might have been turkey, duck, goose, pork, sausages, or whatever else might have been going, including any roast vegetables. Eurasian Devil Curry, like Eurasian cuisine, is a glorious concoction of Asian spices and aromatics and European flavours. What is interesting is that it didn’t really start off life as a spicy curry. It was mildly so, but at some point in history, it got redder and spicier and got the moniker Devil.

Was that a mispronunciation of Debal, somewhere along the line? So these days, when you think of Devil Curry, you think of the fires of Hell, and that the curry is meant to be spicy. Mine is always medium spicy. However, as roast isn’t particularly a traditional Christmas meal in Singapore and Malaysia, families have long made Curry Devil fresh on Christmas Day as the main meal, along with that other must-have dish, Kari Feng.


Every Eurasian family has their own take on devil's curry
Pork, chicken, cabbage and carrots are just some of the things that go into devil's curry

Pamela Hoeden took up cooking late in life, but tasting her Eurasian devil’s curry, you’d think she’d been making it for a lifetime.

Every Eurasian family has their own way of cooking this well-known dish, which is chock-full of meats, vegetables, chillies and a good splash of vinegar and mustard, she explained. The devil’s curry – or kari debal – she makes is thick, spicy and replete with roasted pork belly, chicken wings, sausage, carrots, potato, pickled vegetables and bacon bones.

The dish is one of many in the 73-year-old’s treasured notebook of handwritten recipes. She broke the notebook in years ago by writing on the first page, “Mama, please teach me”


What’s the fiery story behind devil’s curry?
Quentin's curry debal.

Keen for the signature Eurasian dish so spicy it calls to mind hellfire, I voiced my enthusiasm for devil’s curry but was immediately corrected. “Everybody thinks it’s ‘devil’ because it’s hot. But ‘debal’ means leftovers,” Bridget said. “‘Debal’ is patois Portuguese. Because it was so fiery hot, it became more popularly known as ‘curry devil’,” Chef Quentin clarified.

Traditionally made from Christmas leftovers on Boxing Day, curry debal is an inventive dish to use up meat and veggies from the previous day’s meal. “So sometimes they have babi panggang (grilled pork), turkey, whatever you have left,” Bridget explained. For the restaurant though, Chef Quentin makes his curry debal to order using choice cuts of free-range chicken, smoked bacon and cocktail sausages. “Every family will have their own set of recipes, and this is my grandmother’s. Chillies play an important part because we use a lot of fresh chillies and dried chillies,” Chef Quentin said. Making sure the heat and flavour is balanced for guests is always a challenge, but at my request for the dish to be extra spicy, Chef Quentin threw in extra red chillis.

Grandma’s recipe called for a rempah (spice paste) fried with aromatics including red chillies, shallots and ginger. This was added to marinated chicken wings and drumsticks, along with the bacon, sausages, cabbage, cucumber and potato. Lifted with lashings of white vinegar, the brilliant red curry debal (S$32.80) was garnished with crispy slivers of ginger and served smoking hot. White rice (S$2.80) and half a baguette (S$5) were a must for sopping up the fiery gravy.


Devil’s Curry Recipe

Devil’s Curry is a Malaysian dish of chicken curry with vinegar. It’s a special-occasion dish made popular by the Portuguese Eurasian in Malaysia.

This is an authentic recipe originated in the state of Melaka (Malacca) in the peninsula of Malaysia. In the 15th century, Malacca was the most important trading port in Southeast Asia. The Sultanate of Malacca was a powerful empire. In 1511, the Portuguese conquered Malacca and started the colonization era of Malaysia.

Many Portuguese settled down and married local women and formed the Cristang/Eurasian community in Malaccca. Devil’s Curry or Curry Devil is a special occasion dish for them. It’s also called Kari Debal or curry Debal.


What is Devil Curry or Curry Debal?

Devil, as in the Fires of Hell! That’s exactly what Curry Devil is, and it is meant to be very spicy!

The Eurasian Devil Curry traces its origins back to Malacca, in Malaysia, to the time of the Portuguese occupation in the early 16th century. This Portuguese influence and consequent intermarriages is probably the biggest European influence still felt in the 2 countries, after the British. However, many families in Singapore and Malaysia who don’t do roast for Christmas, make this with fresh chicken and sausages, and it is served on Christmas Day itself.

Curry Debal is usually served with plain boiled rice. But growing up in Singapore and Malaysia, I can tell you that many informal, buffet style parties would have rice and French baguette. Whatever curry was on the table, in fact – Eurasian, Indian, Malay or Nyonya! (You know the drill


Eurasian Devil Curry

Spice up the holidays with our tongue-tingling Eurasian Devil Curry recipe.

Flavourful, marinated meat simmered in tangy, spicy, curry sauce – this is a dish everyone should try for a taste of nostalgic, Eurasian family tradition.

A popular home-cooked meat stew served as a traditional Christmas meal in Singapore and Malaysia, this devilishly addictive dish would leave guests wanting more!


Devil's curry

Devil curry also known as curry Debal in Kristang is a very spicy curry flavoured with candlenuts, galangal, mustard seed and vinegar from the Eurasian Kristang (Cristão) culinary tradition in Malacca, Malaysia, Indonesia and the Indo-Dutch diaspora (where it is known as Ayam ore Daging Setan). It was historically served one or two days after Christmas and on other special occasions.

Kristang cuisine blends the cuisines of Southeast Asia with a western-style cuisine inherited from Portuguese colonial rulers. Debal Curry traces its roots to the Goan Vindahlo which also features vinegar as an important component inherited from Portuguese culinary traditions. Other popular Kristang dishes include Eurasian Smore (a beef stew) and sugee cake.

In the original Kristang, "Debal" means "leftover", as it is often served one or two days after Christmas and made out of leftovers from the Christmas meal. It is now however a regular menu item in Eurasian homes made from fresh ingredients. The similarity of the words debal and devil, probably paired with spiciness of the dish, lead to it being adopted into the English language as "Devil curry". The term "deviled", in reference to food is often used with spicy or zesty food, including foods prepared with mustard as an ingredient.

27/09/2024

Fetishism & Voyeurism: Stealing women's underwear

Being turned on by the smell of someone’s dirty panties and the problems it can cause

Lurking in the corners of the Internet are things you would rather not see because it is just TMI (too much information).

A search for “used underwear” on a Singapore site that lists free classified ads churned out 157 listings. A separate search for “used socks” drew 142 listings, suggesting a demand for such personal items. Over in some forums, anonymous online users lay bare their need for things that they do in private — sniffing other people’s used underwear, soiled socks and aromatic armpits, for instance.

Call it perverse, unnatural or kinky, they and their fetishes are out there: People who have an intense sexual attraction to non-living objects or body parts not traditionally viewed as sexual. Last month, a 34-year-old man here told the world through social media that he was smelling female underwear and doing obscene acts with the items along the common corridor of a public housing block.


Jail for man, 67, who repeatedly stole woman's underwear, then wrote letters and sent her pictures of him wearing her panties

After repeatedly stealing a woman's undergarments from a clothes rack, a 67-year-old man left the woman a letter on the rack one day.

In it, he made various lewd remarks about the woman's body before telling her that he would show her pictures of him wearing her underwear. Staying true to his words, he delivered to her those photos on two occasions.

On Wednesday (Sept 18), Tham Weng Kee pleaded guilty to two charges of insulting a person's modesty and one of distributing an obscene picture. He was sentenced to nine weeks' jail. Six charges of theft and one more of distributing an obscene picture were taken into consideration during sentencing.


Police nabs man suspected of serial underwear thefts at Bedok Reservoir

The police have arrested a 26-year-old man who is suspected of being involved in a series of undergarment thefts around the Bedok Reservoir estate.

In a media release on Friday (Oct 13), the police said the arrest was made on Thursday – three days after a female resident at Block 135 Bedok Reservoir Road reported the loss of undergarments which were hung on the laundry rack along the corridor of her flat. The police said they tracked down the suspect through ground investigations and police camera footage. The man is suspected of being involved in a string of other similar cases around the Bedok Reservoir estate, though the police were unable to reveal the number of victims affected.

Earlier this week, an undated video on social media showed a man taking a woman’s bra from a clothes rack outside a HDB flat. TODAY understands that the man depicted in the video is the same man who was arrested, though it is unclear when the video was taken. While the police did not reveal the suspect’s nationality, the video showed a stocky bespectacled man wearing an army green t-shirt and black shorts.


Repeat offender, 38, pleads guilty to stealing bras, other underwear drying outside flats

After noticing three bras drying outside a 10th floor flat, 38-year-old Muhammad Iqbal Mohamed Rafe grabbed them and walked away.

He took the undergarments to another floor to touch and feel them before returning to the 10th floor to place them behind a bench. About three months later, Iqbal took more women's underwear from outside a different flat.

He pleaded guilty to two counts of theft on Thursday (July 13) in a district court. Iqbal had committed a similar offence before. He was sentenced to jail in 2020 for trespassing into a flat to steal a bra and two sets of panties.


Jail for underwear thief found with more than 100 pairs of women’s undergarments

 After seeing women’s underwear hanging outside a flat at Tanjong Pagar Plaza, So Chik Hwee broke into the unit intending to steal all the underwear he could find.

While he was in the midst of the act, a domestic worker and the homeowner’s child returned, but he managed to hide in a bedroom until the coast was clear. The Singapore permanent resident from Malaysia, who has a fetishistic disorder, did this twice more at other flats.

The police found 60 pairs of bras and 44 panties at his home that they suspected had been stolen. So, a 39-year-old acountant, was jailed for seven months and a week after he pleaded guilty on Wednesday (Jan 20) to one count of housebreaking and two counts of theft.


NUS student jailed 6 weeks for stealing women’s underwear from hostel rooms

A student who trespassed into hostel rooms at the National University of Singapore (NUS) to steal female residents' undergarments was jailed for six weeks on Monday (Jan 4). 

Pei Shao Bo, 25, pleaded guilty to three counts of theft in dwelling. One other count of theft and five counts of criminal trespass were considered during sentencing. 

The court heard that on five occasions between Jan 18 and Feb 9 last year, the Singaporean final-year student on scholarship had gone into unlocked rooms in a hostel block on campus to steal underwear belonging to female occupants. Pei, who was not a resident at the hostel, stole at least four bras and two panties.



Man arrested after lingerie goes missing from Tampines home, thousands of undergarments seized

A 41-year-old man has been arrested after a woman reported that the underwear she had left outside her home along Tampines Avenue 9 was stolen, said police on Thursday (April 2).

The authorities said they received the report on March 15 at about 3.30pm and identified the man through ground enquiries and with the aid of images from police cameras. "Preliminary investigations revealed that the man is believed to be involved in similar cases reported in Tampines," said police.

More than 2,500 pieces of women's underwear were found in his possession and seized. The man will be charged in court on Friday. If found guilty, he faces up to three years' jail, jail and a fine or both. CNA


Man gets fine after hurting another when caught trying to steal lingerie; police find 259 panties in raid

When Samsudin Chik spotted some lingerie hanging on a laundry pole along the corridor of a housing block, he decided to steal them thinking no one was looking.

When he was caught by a man, whose sister owned the lingerie, Samsudin got into a scuffle as he tried to flee and ended up hitting the man on the right cheek with his elbow. Arresting Samsudin at his home and raiding it later, the police found 259 pairs of panties, 49 bras and several female clothes in his possession.

On Monday (March 11), the court sentenced him to a fine of S$5,000 after he pleaded guilty to possessing items believed to be stolen and voluntarily causing hurt. A third charge of attempted theft was taken into consideration during sentencing.


9 months’ jail for man who stole women’s panties, bras for gratification

When Muhammad Iqbal Mohamed Rafe trespassed into a flat to steal a bra and two sets of panties, he heard someone returning home and fled into the kitchen toilet.

Iqbal then claimed that a woman had allowed him to enter and use the toilet as it was urgent. The 35-year-old man was jailed nine months on Monday (May 11) after pleading guilty to three charges: House trespass, housebreaking and theft.

A forensic psychiatrist from the Institute of Mental Health (IMH) said in his report that Iqbal has a “fetishistic disorder” and experiences recurrent sexual arousal from using women’s undergarments.


Former Grab driver fined S$2,400 for posting photos of himself sniffing underwear from clothes racks

When Lim Wei Ming came across a pair of shorts hanging on a clothes rack in Chua Chu Kang in 2018, he masturbated and took some photographs of the piece of clothing before returning it to the rack.

He then uploaded selfies of himself sniffing women’s undergarments on his Instagram account that later went viral.

The 35-year-old Singaporean was fined S$2,400 on Friday (Sept 18) after pleading guilty to one charge each of being a public nuisance and possessing obscene films. Another three similar charges were taken into consideration for sentencing.


Pasir Ris underwear theft: Man arrested with more than 25 undergarments in his possession

The police arrested a 26-year-old man on Wednesday (May 20) for allegedly stealing female undergarments in Pasir Ris.

In a news release on Thursday, the police said that they had received a report on May 10 informing them that underwear hung outside a residential unit along Pasir Ris Street 12 were stolen. Through ground enquiries and with the aid of images from police cameras, officers from the Bedok Police Division established the identity of the man and arrested him on May 20.

Preliminary investigations by the authorities revealed that the man is believed to be involved in other similar cases in the vicinity. “An assortment of more than 25 undergarments found in his possession were seized,” the police said.


Serial bra thief who stole underwear during circuit breaker gets 23 weeks’ jail

A part-time actor who kept stealing undergarments went out to pinch these items even when the Government had imposed stay-home restrictions. He was eventually found with more than 100 bras and 41 pairs of panties in his house.

Lee Chee Kin, 39, who worked part-time with Mediacorp’s Vasantham Channel, was sentenced on Monday (June 8) to 23 weeks' jail after he pleaded guilty to 10 charges of theft, criminal trespass, unauthorised access to computer material, as well as a breach of Covid-19 regulations last month. 

Another 14 charges were taken into consideration during sentencing. Lee admitted last month that he had stolen the underwear between April 2018 and April this year, doing so by selecting them “based on their appearance”, climbing over back gates and entering laundry areas to take them before climbing back out.


Serial bra thief admits leaving house during circuit breaker to steal underwear

A serial bra thief found with more than 100 bras and 41 pairs of panties in his house had gone out even during the "circuit breaker" period in an attempt to steal underwear, a court heard on Monday (May 18).

He had stolen the underwear between April 2018 and April 2020, and had left his house without a mask on during the circuit breaker. Lee Chee Kin, 39, pleaded guilty to 10 charges of theft, criminal trespass, unauthorised access to computer material, as well as breach of Covid-19 regulations. Another 14 charges will be taken into consideration for sentencing.

The court heard that Lee selected the underwear "based on their appearance", climbing over back gates and entering laundry areas to take them before climbing back out. "The accused used the stolen bras and panties for his own sexual gratification," said Deputy Public Prosecutor Kwang Jia Min.


Engineer who stole women’s clothes to satisfy his fetish given mandatory treatment order

A 28-year-old software engineer was ordered to serve an 18-month mandatory treatment order on Tuesday (Oct 13), after pleading guilty to stealing multiple pieces of women’s undergarments and clothing.

Goh Ling Yong had a fetishistic disorder and was sexually aroused from using such clothing, including wearing them, according to an Institute of Mental Health (IMH) report. A mandatory treatment order is a community sentencing option offered to offenders suffering from mental conditions that contributed to the offence. Those found suitable must attend sessions with a court-appointed psychiatrist.

Goh, who graduated from Nanyang Technological University in 2018 with a computer science degree, pleaded guilty last month to three charges of theft and fraudulent possession of property. When he was nabbed on March 17 this year, the police found 176 pieces of undergarments and clothing in a sling bag, two luggage bags and a duffel bag in his home. He could not explain why he had them, which were “reasonably suspected of being stolen”, the court heard.


Singapore’s voyeurism problem – what’s wrong with men, or the world?
With spycams and phone cameras taking voyeurism to unsavoury new heights, women whom TODAY have spoken to said they have taken extra precautions to protect themselves and their private spaces

Every time freelance writer Clare Lee, 27, uses a changing room when trying on clothes in fashion outlets big and small, she will take a few minutes to inspect every nook and cranny in her cubicle for hidden cameras before feeling safe enough to undress herself.

For 27-year-old Fiona, who did not want to give her full name, she will always double check that the curtains in her bedroom or hotel are fully drawn such that there is not even a teeny-weeny gap for anyone to peek through, and steer clear of unattended baskets in supermarkets. Freelance content creator Hilary See, 27, would refrain from standing near the edge of the escalator where people can look up her skirt, and try to use either a bag or a file to cover the back of her skirt while climbing the stairs.

With spycams and phone cameras taking voyeurism to unsavoury new heights, these women are among a growing number of people who have taken extra precautions to protect themselves and their private spaces.


‘I realise my mistake’: Man charged with posting lingerie-sniffing selfies

A man who allegedly posted photos of himself sniffing women’s underwear on Instagram told a district court on Wednesday (Sept 4) that he now realises his mistake.

Lim Wei Ming, 34, was charged last month. He has been remanded at the Institute of Mental Health (IMH) since then. He told District Judge Adam Nakhoda on Wednesday: “I realise my mistake. Because of my mistake, my mother suffers a lot.”

The judge ordered him to be remanded in IMH for three more weeks for psychiatric observation. He will return to court on Sept 25. According to court documents, Lim is accused of uploading photos of himself sniffing undergarments and performing lewd acts in the Choa Chu Kang area on Aug 15 this year. Lim was arrested the next day.


Man shared photos of himself sniffing stolen panties
A man who uploaded social media posts of himself sniffing stolen female undergarments and other soiled clothing was fined $2,400 on Friday (18 Sep)

Lim Wei Ming, 35, pleaded guilty to one count of causing a public nuisance and one count of possessing four obscene video files. Another two charges of causing a public nuisance were taken into consideration for his sentencing.

These include Lim uploading a post containing four photographs of him posing with and sniffing pink female underwear with the caption “Public panty sniffing”, and another post he uploaded onto the same account two photographs of a pink female underwear, with a caption “Block 356 Tampines Street 33”. Both posts were uploaded on 14 August last year.

On another occasion in 2018, after coming across a pair of black shorts on a clothing rack, he masturbated and ejaculated on the shorts. On 14 August last year, he posted a picture of it on his Instagram account with the caption, “Public pcc onto black shorts.” The letters “pcc” referred to the sexual act in Hokkien.


Sexual Fetishism
Foot fetishism, one of the most common sexual fetishes

Sexual fetishism or erotic fetishism is a sexual fixation on a nonliving object or body part. The object of interest is called the fetish; the person who has a fetish for that object is a fetishist. A sexual fetish may be regarded as a mental disorder if it causes significant psychosocial distress for the person or has detrimental effects on important areas of their life. Sexual arousal from a particular body part can be further classified as partialism.

While medical definitions restrict the term sexual fetishism to objects or body parts, fetish can, in common discourse, also refer to sexual interest in specific activities, peoples, types of people, substances, or situations.

In common parlance, the word fetish is used to refer to any sexually arousing stimuli, not all of which meet the medical criteria for fetishism. This broader usage of fetish covers parts or features of the body (including obesity and body modifications), objects, situations and activities (such as smoking or BDSM). Paraphilias such as urophilia, necrophilia and coprophilia have been described as fetishes.


Voyeur alert!
A variety of innocuous items that can be used as spycams. Experts TODAY spoke to said the true extent of the problem of voyeurism is far deeper and broader than the ongoing NUS saga

Inspecting a changing room before undressing themselves. Double-checking for gaps in curtains. Steering clear of unattended baskets in the supermarket. Avoiding isolated toilets. Standing against the walls of a train carriage instead of at the centre.

These are some of the extra precautions women whom TODAY spoke to said they have come up with, to protect themselves as spycams and phone cameras take voyeurism to unsavoury new heights.

“This might be irrational fear and excessive caution, but it is better to be safe than sorry,” said one of them, a 27-year-old who only gave her name as Fiona. “We hear so many stories that hit so close to home, it’d be unwise to not be on our guard.”

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Voyeurism
The Lady Godiva Clock in Coventry displays her naked ride through the city and Peeping Tom's voyeurism

Voyeurism is the sexual interest in or practice of watching other people engaged in intimate behaviors, such as undressing, sexual activity, or other actions of a private nature.

The term comes from the French voir which means "to see". A male voyeur is commonly labelled as "Peeping Tom" or a "Jags", a term which originates from the Lady Godiva legend. However, that term is usually applied to a male who observes somebody secretly and, generally, not in a public space.

The American Psychiatric Association has classified certain voyeuristic fantasies, urges and behaviour patterns as a paraphilia in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-IV) if the person has acted on these urges, or the sexual urges or fantasies cause marked distress or interpersonal difficulty. It is described as a disorder of sexual preference in the ICD-10. The DSM-IV defines voyeurism as the act of observing "individuals, usually strangers, engaging in sexual activity, exhibitionism, or disrobing". The diagnosis as a disorder would not be given to people who experience typical sexual arousal or amusement, simply by seeing nudity or sexual activity.

26/09/2024

Singapore buys new “Invincible-class” submarines

Singapore commissions two new submarines as Asia's undersea rivalry grows
A view of RSS Invincible during a commissioning ceremony of the Republic of Singapore Navy’s first and second Invincible-class submarines Invincible (INV) and Impeccable (IPB) at the Changi Naval Base in Singapore September 24, 2024

Singapore commissioned two new advanced submarines on Tuesday, vessels its navy says are meant to protect sea lines of communication, and which experts said would range beyond the waters of the tiny city-state to keep tabs on the region. The country's fifth and sixth submarines, the Invincible and the Impeccable, were ordered from Germany's ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems in 2013 in a 1-billion-euro deal and join older Archer- and Challenger-class boats.

They represent a technological step forward for Singapore's fleet, experts say, allowing the wealthy Southeast Asian nation to operate farther from shore using fewer sailors, and making its craft among the quietest in the region. "They are an excellent force multiplier," said Colonel Fong Chi Onn, commander of Singapore's submarine flotilla. "And for a country as small as ours, we need all the force multipliers we can get."

The two new Invincible-class submarines were moored at adjoining piers, decked in colourful naval pennants, with their X-shaped rudders peeking from the water, for Tuesday's event at Changi Naval Base. "Singapore's survival and prosperity depend on free and unimpeded movement over the seas," Prime Minister Lawrence Wong said as he commissioned the vessels in a ceremony watched by their crew and military dignitaries in white dress uniforms.


Singapore navy’s first two Invincible-class submarines fully operational after commissioning
The Republic of Singapore Navy's (RSN) first two Invincible-class submarines - named Invincible and Impeccable - are now fully operational following a commissioning ceremony on Sep 24, 2024

The Republic of Singapore Navy's (RSN) first two Invincible-class submarines - named Invincible and Impeccable - are now fully operational following a commissioning ceremony on Tuesday (Sep 24). Prime Minister Lawrence Wong officiated the ceremony which was held at Changi Naval Base. 

The event was witnessed by Senior Minister and Coordinating Minister for National Security Teo Chee Hean, Minister for Defence Dr Ng Eng Hen and other senior officials from the Ministry of Defence (MINDEF) and the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF). Together with the RSN’s existing fleet of submarines, ships and units, the two Invincible-class submarines will fulfil a wide spectrum of operations to safeguard Singapore's waters, protect its sea lines of communication and contribute to regional peace and security, said MINDEF in a news release. 

Built and launched in Kiel, Germany, the Invincible-class submarines are designed for operations in Singapore’s shallow and busy tropical waters. "Custom-built for Singapore’s needs, these submarines possess state-of-the-art capabilities, including high levels of automation, significant payload capacity, enhanced underwater endurance, and optimised ergonomics," said MINDEF. It added that the development of the other two Invincible-class submarines, Illustrious and Inimitable, is "progressing well" in Germany, and are expected to return to Singapore by 2028.


S’pore Navy commissions first two Invincible-class submarines
RSS Impeccable and its crew seen during the commissioning parade at Changi Naval Base on Sept 24

Singapore’s first two Invincible-class submarines have officially entered service, achieving a major milestone a quarter of a century after the Republic first embarked on its submarine journey.

The RSS Invincible and RSS Impeccable were commissioned by Prime Minister Lawrence Wong in a ceremony on Sept 24, marking a new chapter for the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN), which had previously operated only second-hand submarines acquired from Sweden. 

The latest submarines, built to the RSN’s specifications by Germany’s Thyssenkrupp Marine Systems (TKMS), are more capable and manoeuvrable than earlier generations of RSN submarines, without requiring a larger crew. “They are quieter, more durable and better armed than anything we’ve had before,” said PM Wong at the ceremony.


Prime Minister Lawrence Wong Commissions the first two Invincible-class Submarines RSS Invincible and RSS Impeccable
Prime Minister (PM) and Minister for Finance Mr Lawrence Wong delivered an address at the joint commissioning ceremony of the Republic of Singapore Navy’s first and second Invincible-class submarines, RSS Invincible and Impeccable

Prime Minister and Minister for Finance Mr Lawrence Wong officiated the commissioning ceremony of the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN)’s first two Invincible-class Submarines, RSS Invincible and RSS Impeccable, at RSS Singapura – Changi Naval Base today. Senior Minister and Coordinating Minister for National Security Teo Chee Hean, Minister for Defence Dr Ng Eng Hen and other senior officials from the Ministry of Defence (MINDEF) and the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) were also present to witness the ceremony.

RSS Invincible and RSS Impeccable are now fully operational. Together with the RSN’s existing fleet of submarines, ships and units, they will fulfil a wide spectrum of operations to safeguard Singapore’s waters, protect its sea lines of communication and contribute to regional peace and security. Built and launched in Kiel, Germany, the Invincible-class submarines are designed for operations in Singapore’s shallow and busy tropical waters. Custom-built for Singapore’s needs, these submarines possess state-of-the-art capabilities, including high levels of automation, significant payload capacity, enhanced underwater endurance, and optimised ergonomics. The development of our other two Invincible-class submarines, Illustrious and Inimitable, is progressing well in Germany, and are expected to return to Singapore by 2028.

To commemorate the commissioning of the first two Invincible-class submarines, a new orchid hybrid was named after the Invincible-class submarines in a ceremony held in RSS Singapura – Changi Naval Base. The ceremony was attended by the lady sponsors of the Invincible-class submarines, Mdm Ho Ching, Dr Ivy Ng, and Ms Teo Swee Lian. Following the commissioning ceremony, Prime Minister Lawrence Wong visited RSS Impeccable, where he was briefed on its systems and capabilities. He also interacted with personnel from RSS Invincible and RSS Impeccable. He was hosted by Chief of Navy Rear Admiral Sean Wat.


SM Teo visiting Germany for launch of Singapore's 4th Invincible-class submarine
The Invincible-class submarines are designed for operations in Singapore’s shallow and busy tropical waters, and feature an X-shaped stern rudder for more precise manoeuvres

Senior Minister Teo Chee Hean is visiting Germany for the launch of the Republic of Singapore Navy's (RSN) fourth Invincible-class submarine, the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) said on Saturday (Apr 20).

Mr Teo, who is also the Coordinating Minister for National Security, will make the working visit to Kiel and Berlin from Apr 21 to Apr 24. He will officiate the launch of the submarine, named Inimitable, in Kiel and meet German Federal Minister of Defence Boris Pistorius.

In December 2022, the RSN launched the second and third of its new Invincible-class submarines, named Impeccable and Illustrious. The first - Invincible - was launched in 2019 at a ceremony held at the TKMS shipyard in Kiel.


4 submarines, similar to Invincible-class submarines ordered by Singapore, cost about S$2.4 billion: MINDEF
The new Invincible-class Type 218SG submarine Impeccable after its christening in Kiel, Germany on Dec 13, 2022. (Photo: AFP/Gregor Fischer)

Four submarines, similar to the Invincible-class ones ordered by Singapore, cost about S$2.4 billion, Defence Minister Ng Eng Hen said on Monday (Jan 9).

In a written answer to a question from MP Gerald Giam (WP-Aljunied) about the cost of the submarines, Dr Ng said the Defence Ministry (MINDEF) does not provide precise amounts for the cost of acquisition or maintenance of its military assets. This might indirectly disclose the capabilities of components such as added weapon or protection systems, he added. Taking reference from other militaries of Turkey and Korea, which have acquired similar submarines, each submarine costs about S$600 million at the time of purchase, or S$2.4 billion for four.

He said the total amount is comparable to a fleet of 12 F-15 fighter jets in the Republic of Singapore Air Force (RSAF). Maintenance cost per year is about 2 per cent to 3 per cent of the capital cost of the submarines, he added. In December last year, two new Invincible-class submarines were christened by the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN). Named Impeccable and Illustrious, the submarines are the second and third of four customised Type 218SG submarines built by ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems for MINDEF.


Fact Sheet: Invincible-Class Submarines

The newly launched Invincible-class submarines will join the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN)'s surface fleet to protect Singapore and secure access to her sea lines of communication. These new submarines are customised for our operating environment, particularly the shallow and busy waters in our region. As the overall programme manager, Defence Science and Technology Agency (DSTA) had also pushed boundaries in the front-end design of the submarines and in the integration of its combat and platform systems.

Named Invincible, Impeccable, Illustrious and Inimitable, the new submarines will form the strategic edge of Singapore's defence. The submarines are expected to be delivered from 2021 onwards and will replace the current Archer and Challenger-class submarines, which the RSN has operated for over two decades.

CHARACTERISTICS:
  • Better Mission Capabilities. The Invincible-class submarines are equipped with significantly improved capabilities. They will be fitted with Air Independent Propulsion systems based on Fuel Cell Technology, which will allow the submarines to stay submerged about 50% longer. They will also carry a wider range of mission payloads.
  • See Further, Act faster. Modern combat systems and more capable sensors, with linkages to the RSN and wider SAF, will enable the new submarines to have improved wide-area awareness. Together with advanced automation and indigenously-developed sense-making systems in combat and platform suites, the new submarines will have enhanced situational awareness and accelerated decision-making support systems, allowing submariners to rapidly orientate themselves, decide on the best course of action, and act. The sense-making systems include data analytics and decision support engines developed by DSTA.
  • Holistic Design Approach. The Invincible-class submarines incorporate design innovation and advanced maintenance and engineering concepts to optimise training, operation and maintenance costs. Factors such as ergonomics optimised for Asian bodies and systems for tropical operations, such as air-conditioning systems, were considered in the design of the submarines. Modelling and simulation studies were also conducted by DSTA to optimise the design, equipment selection and their layout to reduce maintenance efforts.

Submariners face huge challenges underwater - where there's no margin for error
Indonesian submarine KRI Nanggala 402. (Photo: Facebook/Pusat Penerangan TNI)

In a region where many nations are according high priority to acquiring a submarine force, the tragic loss of Indonesian submarine KRI Nanggala reminds us how challenging submarine operations can be.

There is no doubt submarines possess unique offensive powers. Their ability to attack unseen creates immediate challenges for any would-be aggressor, no matter how powerful its own fleet. Even a single submarine can be a deterrent. But operating submarines can be a costly, complex undertaking. For one, investing in a submarine force requires commitment to substantial, long-term investment in both personnel and maintenance.

After all, submariners must be trained to understand the operation and interaction of every system in their boat and practised in every possible contingency until their responses become instinctive. All this before they learn to operate their boat as a weapons system in a demanding underwater domain.


Singapore navy launches second and third Invincible-class submarines
Illustrious, one of the Invincible-class submarines launched by Singapore on Dec 13, 2022. Foto: CNA/Vanessa Lim

With a smash of champagne bottles against their hulls, two new Invincible-class submarines were christened by the Republic of Singapore Navy (RSN) on Tuesday (Dec 13).

Named Impeccable and Illustrious, the submarines are the second and third of four customised Type 218SG submarines built by ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS) for the Ministry of Defence (MINDEF). The first - Invincible - was launched in 2019 at a ceremony also held at the TKMS shipyard in Kiel.

Tuesday's ceremony was officiated by Singapore's Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong and attended by German Chancellor Olaf Scholz. Following a long-standing naval tradition, the two submarines were launched by a lady sponsor, Mr Lee’s wife Ho Ching. The ceremony was also witnessed by Defence Minister Ng Eng Hen, Foreign Affairs Minister Vivian Balakrishnan and defence chiefs from Singapore and Germany.


'Submarines like BMWs': A closer look at the Navy’s newest, custom-made German submarine
Type 218SG submarines. (Photo: MINDEF/Facebook)

More than 30m under the waters around Singapore, where light hardly penetrates the murky depths, noise is perhaps the last thing you would expect. But the Republic of Singapore Navy’s (RSN) latest submarine, the Type 218SG, hears and senses a cacophony of chatter. Not of people, but of the 2,000 ships that sail through the Singapore Strait every day.

“Many of the boats in the world are not designed for such environments: Warm, shallow, noisy, crowded,” RSN’s head of naval operations Cheong Kwok Chien told Channel NewsAsia in an exclusive interview on Saturday (Jun 30). “The operating environment makes a lot of difference to a submariner, and if you design a boat meant for this type of environment, you can make a lot of difference to whoever you’re up against.” And so the RSN searched all over the world for a submarine that could replace its ageing Archer-class and Challenger-class predecessors. A submarine that could truly be made for Singapore from scratch.

“We’ve operated second-hands for 20 years,” Rear-Admiral (RADM) Cheong said of the retrofitted Swedish submarines. “Over 20 years, we’ve built up knowledge of what a submarine would be that’s designed for local waters.” In the ​​​​​​​end the Germans, masters of the submarine craft, “offered the best deal” in terms of technology, logistics, training and knowledge exchange. It has been reported that the contract for the first two Type 218SGs is worth more than 1 billion euros (S$1.6 billion).


Singapore buys new “BMW” submarines
Ng: Timely to buy new “BMW” submarines in response to China, Indonesia, Thailand, India, S Korea

Defence Minister Ng Eng Hen and his wife, Ivy Ng who is the CEO of SingHealth, were in Germany yesterday (18 Feb) to launch Singapore's first Type 218SG advanced submarine, which has much more firepower.

The submarine built by the German defence contractor Thyssenkrupp Marine Systems (TKMS) has many advanced capabilities and was named "Invincible" by MINDEF. It is one of the 4 submarines ordered from MINDEF. The other 3, named "Impeccable", "Illustrious" and "Inimitable", will be delivered from 2022.

Speaking at the launch, Minister Ng said that Singapore faces threats in the maritime domain, including terrorism, the shipping of illegal arms, weapons of mass destruction and people, as well as piracy.